Cocktails - GD Terms/Glossary

I want to gather a list of possible names to use for the cocktails. I will only use most common ones or ones that I think would be most suitable. And whilst researching I will include descriptions for each of the words to help me later when it comes to producing the copy for the book.


Against the Grain
- At right angles to the grain direction of the paper being used, as compared to with the grain. Also called across the grain and cross grain. See also Grain Direction. (4)

Alignment
- A term used to refer to the proper positioning of all typefaces and size variations along an imaginary reference line. (1)
- Alignment is the adjustment of arrangement or position in lines of a text or an image; left, right, centered, etc. (2)

Anchor Point
- Anchor Point Anchor points allow the user to manipulate a paths shape or direction by clicking the point and moving it in a direction. They appear along the path at every curve and at the beginning and end of a path. You can also add or subtract anchor points on a path. (2)

Ascender
- The part of a lowercase letter which rises above the main body, as in the letters 'b', 'd', 'h', and 'k'. (1)

Baseline
- An invisible horizontal line on which the feet of all characters on a line of type are set, used for proper alignment of type. (1)
- An imaginary line upon which letters sit and descenders extend below the baseline. (2)

Binding and Finishing
- Activities performed on printed material after printing. Binding involves fastening individual sheets together, while finishing involves additional decorative actions such as die-stamping and embossing. (1)
- Usually in the book arena, but not exclusively, the joining of leafs or signatures together with either wire, glue or other means. (4)

Bleed
- A printed image that extends beyond one or more of the finished page margins and is later trimmed so that the image “bleeds” off the edge of the sheet. (1)
- When a graphic object extends through another in an unwanted manned. It is then trimmed so there is no chance for a white line on the edges. (2)
- Bleed is the part of a printed document that is outside the bounds of the final size of the piece. It is used to make sure images and other design elements print all the way to the edge of the paper. It is the designer’s responsibility to set up the bleed in a document and an accepted standard is 1p6, or 1/4 of an inch, outside the size of the paper. When placing objects in a document that must go all the way to the edge of the page, make sure they extend to at least this quarter inch mark. Photoshop and Illustrator do not have an automatic way to add bleed, so it must be taken into account when setting up the page size. In layout programs such as InDesign, the bleed is set up separately from the actual page size; in other words, the bleed is in addition to the defined page size. (3)
- Printing that extends to the edge of a sheet or page after trimming. (4)
- Printing an image past where the final print will be trimmed, which allows color to extend all the Way to the edges of the final print. (5)
- When an image or printed color extends beyond the trimmed edge of a page, it is called a "bleed." Bleeding ensures that the print extends to the edges of the paper. The paper is usually trimmed to the desired size after printing. (6)

Character
- Any letter, figure, punctuation, symbol or space.(1)

CMYK
- Abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black). The four process colours. (1)
- Abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black), the four process colors. (4)
- CMYK stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black (or Key), the colors a printer works with, as opposed to the screen color space, RGB. This is also known as process color. CMYK is a subtractive color space; in other words, to make white, you take away all the colors. (3)

Coated Paper
- Paper with a coating of clay and other substances that improves reflectivity and ink holdout. Mills produce coated paper in the four major categories cast, gloss, dull and matte. (4)

Colour Balance
- Refers to amounts of process colors that simulate the colors of the original scene or photograph. (4)

Colour Separation
- A means of dividing a full-color photograph into four separate components, corresponding to the four primary colors used in process color printing - cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. (1)
- (1) Technique of using a camera, scanner or computer to divide continuous-tone color images into four halftone negatives. (2) The product resulting from color separating and subsequent four-color process printing. Also called separation. (4)
- Color separations consist of artwork that has been split into component plates of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black in preparation for process printing (CMYK) or into the required number of plates for spot color printing. Each separation prints a single process or spot color. Digital files can be composite separations (all information in one file) or pre-separated (each color on its own page). (5)

Colur Swatch
- A sample of a specific color--either printed or stored digitally--used to describe a particular printing ink or combination of printing ink colors. (1)

Composition
- (1) In typography, the assembly of typographic elements, such as words and paragraphs, into pages ready for printing. (2) In graphic design, the arrangement of type, graphics and other elements on the page. (4)

Contrast
- The degree of tones in an image ranging from highlight to shadow. (4)

Copy
- Any material that is to be typeset, be it a manuscript or typescript, or a typewritten document with handwritten changes and edits. Copy is also used to refer generally to any other page elements--including illustrations, photographs, etc--that will need to be prepared and assembled. (1)
- Copy refers to editorial text supplied for incorporation into a design or website. (2)

Crop Marks
- Lines drawn or printed on a photograph, overlay, or printed product to indicate the proper cropping of the image or print in question. Also spelled as one word in cropmarks. (1)
- Lines near the edges of an image indicating portions to be reproduced. Also called cut marks and tic marks. (4)

Deboss
- To press an image into paper so it lies below the surface. Also called tool. (4)

Diecutting / Die Cut
- In binding and finishing, a finishing operation involving the use of sharp steel blades to cut a specific pattern into a substrate or to cut the substrate itself into a specific pattern. (1)
- Die Cut Is a die that cut shapes or holes in a widerange of material. (1)
- To cut irregular shapes in paper or paperboard using a die. (4)

Double Page Spread
- Double Page Spread A double page spread is a layout that extends across two pages. (2)

DPI
- (Dots per inch) is a unit of measurement used to describe the resolution of printed output. The most common desktop laser printers output at 300 dpi. Medium-resolution printers output at 600 dpi, and Image setters output at 1270-2540 dpi. (1)
- DPI (Dots Per Inch) A term to describe the measure of sharpness within an image. (2)
- Dots per inch is the more exact way to define the resolution for a file that is to be printed. Some use DPI and PPI interchangeably, though this is technically incorrect. (3)
- Measure of resolution of input devices such as scanners, display devices such as monitors, and output devices such as laser printers, imagesetters and monitors. Abbreviated DPI. Also called dot pitch. (4)
- Stands for dots per inch. DPI specifies the resolution of an output device, such as a printer or printing press machine. Print resolution usually runs from 300-1200 dots per inch on a Laser Printer and 125-225 dots per inch for photographic images on a print brochure. (6)

Drop Shadow
- Drop Shadow Is a visual effect added to an image to give the impression the image is raised above the image’s behind by duplicating the shadow. (2)

Duotone
-A two-color halftone produced by overprinting two halftone screens made from the same photograph (usually black-and-white photograph), as a means of generating a monochromatic image with a full range of tonal gradations. (1)
- A method of printing an image using two colors, usually black and a spot color. (2)
- Black-and-white photograph reproduced using two halftone negatives, each shot to emphasize different tonal values in the original. (4)

Embossing
- In binding and finishing, a process in which images, patterns, or text are stamped or pressed into a substrate. (1)
- To give a three dimensional effect to a text or an image by using highlights and shadows on the sides of the illustration. (2)
- To press an image into paper so it lies above the surface. Also called cameo and tool. (4)

Facing Pages
- In a double-sided document, the two pages that appear as a spread when the publication is opened. (1)

Flush Right
- In typography, a paragraph or lines of text are aligned on the right side. Synonymous with the term Right Justified. (1)

Flush Left
- In typography, a paragraph or lines of text are aligned on the left side. Synonymous with the term Left Justified. (1)

Foil Stamping
- In binding and finishing, a finishing operation in which a design or other image is pressed onto a substrate. In foil stamping, a heated die containing a relief (raised) image presses down on a roll of foil passing above the substrate to be decorated. (1)
- The procedure of pressing a heated die on top of a sheet of foil, which fress the foil from its backing and attachs itself to a surface. (2)
- Method of printing that releases foil from its backing when stamped with the heated die. Also called block print, hot foil stamp and stamp. (4)

Font
- In typography, a set of all characters in a typeface. (1)
- A complete combination of characters created in a specific type of one style and size. The set of characters in a font entail the letter set, the number set, and all of the special characters and marks you get when pressing the shift key or other command keys on your keyboard. (2)
- Technically, a font is the complete collection of characters and glyphs, including numbers, symbols, accented characters, punctuation marks, etc. in a given face design. A font also includes the design in various weights, such as bold or italic; it is more comprehensive and complicated to design than a typeface. (3)

Four-Color Process
- In multi-color printing, the printing of process color by means of color separations corresponding to the four process colors: cyan, magenta, yellow and black. (1)
- A printing technique that creates colors by combining, cyan, magenta, yellow and black. (2)
- Technique of printing that uses black, magenta, cyan and yellow to simulate full-color images. Also called color process printing, full color printing and process printing. (4)
- Any printing method that utilizes the subtractive primaries (CMY) plus black (K) to create the illusion of different colors. (5)

Gradient
- A gradient is a fade from one color to another. There are many shapes a gradient can take, but generally it is either linear (straight) or radial (round, where it fades from the center outwards). Gradients can also be highly customized with many different color patterns so that it is difficult to tell if an object actually has a gradient. Generally gradients are used to add depth, or sometimes a shiny or metallic look, to a design element, but they can also be used simply to color an object. (3)

Gutter
- In typography, the term refers to the space between columns of type, usually determined by the number and width of columns and the overall width of the area to be filled. (1)
- Refers to book production. The white space formed by the inner margins of a spread near the books spine. (2)
- In the book arena, the inside margins toward the back or the binding edges. (4)

Hard Copy
- Any page, document, publication, or other data that exists as some kind of output, be it on paper, film, etc., rather than as an item on a computer display or soft copy. (1)
- The permanent reproduction of the output of a computer or printer. For example: teleprinter pages, continuous printed tapes, computer printouts, etc. (2)

Header
- In typography, any text that appears at the top of a page but is not part of the body text, such as a tile, author, chapter title, etc. A header appearing on every page is called a running head. (1)
- The text which appears at the top of a printed page (2)
- At the top of a page, the margin. (4)

JPEG
- (Joint Photographic Electronic Group) A common process for compressing digital images. (2)
- An abbreviation for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the committee that created this file type. The file extension is .jpg. It is best used for photographs or images that have gradients. JPEGs do not support transparency, unlike GIF and PNG, and cannot be animated, unlike GIF. (3)

Justification
- In typography, setting lines of text so that they line up on the left and right, as opposed to ragged right, in which the lines do not line up on the right. (1)

Kerning
- In typography, the reduction of letterspacing between certain character combinations in order to reduce the space between them, performed for aesthetic reasons. (1)
- Modifying the horizontal space between letters. (2)

Laminate
- To bond a plastic film by heat and pressure to a printed sheet for protection and appearance. (1)
- A thin transparent plastic sheet (coating) applied to usually a thick stock (covers, post cards, etc.) providing protection against liquid and heavy use, and usually accents existing color, providing a glossy (or lens) effect. (4)

Landscape
- A page format in which the correct reading or viewing orientation is horizontal; the width of the page is greater than its height. See also Portrait. (1)
- Artist style in which width is greater than height. (Portrait is opposite.) (4)

Layers
- Layers A tool within graphic software that permits the user to gather, organize and re-edit their artwork. (2)

Layout
- A sample of the original providing (showing) position of printed work (direction, instructions) needed and desired. (4)

Leading
- In typography, an alternate and more popularly used term for line spacing.(1)
- Refers to the amount of added vertical spacing between lines of text. (2)
- Amount of space between lines of type. (4)

Leaf
- Term for a sheet of paper in a book or other publication. Each side of a leaf is one page.(1)
- One piece of paper in a publication. (2)
- One sheet of paper in a publication. Each side of a leaf is one page. (4)

Left Justified
- Alternate term for flush left. See Flush Left.(1)

Letterforms
- General term referring to all typographic characters and symbols. (1)

Letterpress
- The oldest of the major printing processes distinguished by its use of raised metal type. The type can be either individual characters or plates made with raised type. (1)
- A technique of printing from raised surfaces, either a type of metal or plates whose surfaces have been carved away from image areas. Also called block printing. (2)
- Method of printing from raised surfaces, either metal type or plates whose surfaces have been etched away from image areas. Also called block printing. (4)

Lithography
- A term describing a printing process in which the image area and the non-image area coexist on the same plane, in contract to letterpress (printing from raised type). (1)
- Method of printing using plates whose image areas attract ink and whose nonimage areas repel ink. Nonimage areas may be coated with water to repel the oily ink or may have a surface, such as silicon, that repels ink. (4)

Low-Resolution
- Descriptive of an image--either on a computer display or in printed form--that has a low number of dots--or pixels--per square inch. (1)

Margin
- Any deliberately unprinted space on a page, especially surrounding a block of text. Margins are used not only to aid in the aesthetics and the readability of a page, but also to provide allowances for trimming, binding, and other post-press operations. (1)
- Guidelines in page layout software to show the user the body copy areas. It also allows the user to indicate the dimensions. Margins do not print. (2)
- Imprinted space around the edge of the printed material. (4)

Master Page
- A property found in page layout software that allows the user to create a constant page layout. Repeating elements like page numbers are created once on a master. This permits the user to stay clear of adding the numbers to each page manually. (2)

Mock Up
- A reproduction of the original printed matter and possibly containing instructions or direction. (4)

Offset Lithography
- A term describing the most common form of lithography (a printing process in which the image area and the non-image area coexist on the same plane, rather than from raised or etched type) in which a printed image is transferred first to a rubber blanket, and the blanket then transfers (or “offsets”) the image to the paper or other surface. (1)

Opacity
- (1) Characteristic of paper or other substrate that prevents printing on one side from showing through the other side. (2) Characteristic of ink that prevents the substrate from showing through. (4)

Overlay
- Layer of material taped to a mechanical, photo or proof. Acetate overlays are used to separate colors by having some type or art on them instead of on the mounting board. Tissue overlays are used to carry instructions about the underlying copy and to protect the base art. (4)

Matte Finish
- Non-glossy finish on photographic paper or coated printing paper. (2)

Mock Up
- A recreation of the original printed material and possibly containing instructions or direction. (2)

Offset Printing
- Printing method that transfers ink from a plate to a blanket to paper instead of directly from plate to paper.

Opacity
- The degree of a color or tonal value. The opacity of an image or object can range from transparent (0% opacity) to opaque (100% opacity). The ability to edit the opacity of specific objects allows the designer to create images that seem to flow into and through one another. (2)
- Measurement of the resistance to light passing through a substrate, on a scale of 0-100%, indicting the propensity fro show-through of underlying type or images. This is computed by measuring the density of the substrate over a black background and over a white background. (5)

Orphan
- In typography, the last line of a paragraph when it is less than one-third the width of the line--especially when it is the carry-over of a hyphenated word--carried to the top of a new page or column. (1)

Overlay
- Layer of material taped to a mechanical, photo or proof. Acetate overlays are used to divide colors by having some type or art on them instead of on the mounting board. Tissue overlays are used to carry instructions about the underlying copy and to protect the base art. (2)
- Paper strip pasted over a section of an existing poster, to show a price, a date, or other time-sensitive information. Used inter-changeably with" snipe". (5)

Pantone / Pantone Matching System
A brand-name for a popular color matching system, or series of printed color swatches used to match, specify, identify, and display specific colors or colored ink combinations. (1)
- Pantone Matching System The Pantone matching system is used for defining and blending match colors. It accommodates designers with swatches of over 700 colors and gives printers the formulas for making those colors. (2)
- Numbering system for identifying 3,000+ colors created through combinations of 14 primary color inks. The Pantone company produces numerous color-matching systems for standard print and computer applications. (5)

Perfect Bind
- To bind sheets that have been ground at the spine and are held to the cover by glue. Also called adhesive bind, cut-back bind, glue bind, paper bind, patent bind, perfecting bind, soft bind and soft cover. See also Burst Perfect Bind. (4)
- To bind sheets by trimming at the binding edge and gluing them to a paper cover. (6)

Pixel
- Shorthand term for picture element, or the smallest point or dot on a computer monitor. (1)
- The smallest picture content that can be individually assigned a color. (2)
- Picture element. It is the basic digital component that makes up a raster/bitmap image. (3)
- Short for picture element, a dot made by a computer, scanner or other digital device. Also called pel. (4)
- A combination of the words “picture” and “element,” denoting the smallest part of a picture that can be located and placed as an element along the X and Y axes of a bitmap or on the computer screen. A pixel can be monochrome or up to the pixel depth available on your color system. Pixels are also used for identifying screen or print resolutions, e.g. 72 pixels square inch. (5)
- The smallest picture element (used to display an image on a computer), that can be independently assigned a color. (6)

Portrait
- A page format in which the correct reading or viewing orientation is vertical; the height of the page is greater than its width. See also Landscape. (1)

Primary Colors
- Any set of colors within a particular color system that are the most basic colors for that system. All other colors can be produced from the primaries, but the primaries cannot be produced by combinations of other colors. (1)
- The primary colors are put together to produce the full range of other colors (non-primary colors), within a color model. The primary colors for the additive color model is; Red, Green and Blue. The primary colors for the subtractive color model is; Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. (2)
- Color that cannot be created by missing other color in the gamut of a given color space, but can be mixed to create other color combinations within the space, red, green, and blue (RGB) are additive primaries of emitted light, while cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY) are subtractive primaries of reflected light. Black (K) is added to CMY to produce denser, truer black images. (5)

Proof
- Any early copy of to-be-reproduced material produced as a means of checking for typos or other similar errors, as well as positional errors, layout problems, and color aspects. (1)

Process Colors
- The printing of “full color” images utilizing a photographic color separation process in which each of three primary colors--cyan, magenta, and yellow, plus black--are separated from the original art and given their own printing plate. (1)
- Also known as CMYK (3)

Register Marks
- Small designs, shapes, or other patterns (most commonly a circle or oval with a cross through it) placed in non-image areas of negatives, positives, color separations, and plates to ensure correct register--or alignment--of successive colors and/or images. (1)

Resolution
- A measure of the extent to which the human eye can distinguish between the smallest discrete parts of an image. (1)
- The resolution of an image is an important factor in deciding the attainable output quality. The higher the resolution of an image, the less pixilated it will be and the curves of the image will appear smoother. (2)
- There are so many different meanings for “resolution” depending on who you are and what you do. The best definition I’ve read is from Real World Photoshop. The authors define resolution as “the number of pixels in each unit of measure.” There are two main ways to discuss resolution: you can talk about resolution in terms of image size: “The document is 5×7 inches at 300 ppi,” or you can talk about resolution as dimensions: “The document is 1500×2100 pixels.” Some people talk about resolution and want to know the file size, but then you have to start becoming familiar with a new way to measure things. Remember the image size dialog box in Photoshop? There is an input field for Resolution (the pixels per unit), and also a drop down box for the unit of measure, which is separate from the fields for the width and height of the image. In reality, these are all just different ways of talking about the same thing: the amount of image information. So if someone asks you the resolution of an image and you merely reply, “300 ppi,” you’re not telling the whole story. (3)
- Sharpness of an image on film, paper, computer screen, disc, tape or other medium. (4)
- The number of pixels or samples per inch in a device is capable of recognizing or producing, measured in horizontal columns (width) by vertical rows (height). Megapixels can be calculated by multiplying pixel-columns with pixel-rows. Resolution is a measure of the detail in an image; the higher the resolution the higher the amount of detail and the bigger the file size. (5)

Sans Serif
- In typography, characters (or typefaces) without serifs, which are lines crossing the free end of the stroke. “Sans serif” means “without serif”. (1)
- A style of typeface that means “without feet.” Usual sans serif typefaces include Arial, Helvetica, AvantGarde and Verdana. (2)

Saturation
- The Intensity of hue. The quality of difference from a gray of the same lightness or brightness (2) Scale
The act of--or the computer function that facilitates--altering the size of an image or font proportionately. (1)

Screen Printing
- Technique of printing by using a squeegee to force ink through an assembly of mesh fabric and a stencil. (2)
- Method of printing by using a squeegee to force ink through an assembly of mesh fabric and a stencil. (4)

Serif
- In typography, an all-inclusive term for characters that have a line crossing the free end of a stroke. The term serif refers to both that finishing line and to characters and typefaces that have them. (1)

Spot Colour
- Inks that are not mixed from the four process colors. They are used for items, like logos, that need to be a consistent color no matter how or where they are printed. Any time you add an extra ink to a print job, it increases the price. Metallic inks are also spot colors. (3)
- One ink or varnish applied to portions of a sheet, as compared to flood or painted sheet. (4)
- Color times used independently in a printed piece for a specific need (i.e., Coca-Cola’s shade of red), or in overlapping combinations (including those with process colors). (5)
- Referrers to a method of specifying and printing colors in which each color is printed with it's own ink. In contrast, process color printing uses four inks (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) to produce all other colors. Spot color printing is effective when the printed matter contains only on to three different colors, but it becomes expensive for more colors. (6)

Stock
- You often hear terms like “stock photography” in a graphic design environment. Stock refers to something that is pre-made–photos that have already been taken in a variety of general scenarios with a general selection of smiling people, illustrations or icons with a general or abstract theme. Notice the term general here; you probably won’t ever find that perfect artwork you need, but it’ll be close enough and cheaper than, say, staging your own photo shoot. (Stock can also refer to the paper a project is printed on) (3)

Swatch
- Shorthand term for color swatch. See Color Swatch. (1)

Typeface
- In typography, a specific variation within a type family, such as roman, italic, bold, etc. (!)
- A typeface consists of a series of fonts and a full range of characters, such as, numbers, letters, marks and punctuations. (2)
- A typeface is simply a design or look of letters and maybe numbers. It does not include glyph and character variations or weights like bold (think display or ornamental faces such as Grave Ornamental or Willow), and may not even include numbers or upper or lower case letters (obviously it would have to include either upper or lower case letters, but not necessarily both). A typeface also does not mean that a design is complete; many movie title treatments are merely typefaces (only the letters in the title have been created), though some have been developed further into fonts. (3)

Type Family
- In typography, a group of typefaces created by common design characteristics. Each member may vary by weight (bold vs. regular) and width (expanded vs. condensed) and may have related italic versions. (1)

Typography
- The art and process of specifying, setting, or otherwise working with print-quality type, as opposed to typewriting. Typography involves the proper placement, positioning, and specification of type to ensure not only maximum legibility but also high aesthetic appeal. (1)

UV Coating
- Liquid applied to a printed sheet, then bonded and cured with ultraviolet light. (1)
- A glossy coating applied to the paper surface and dried using ultraviolet light. It is glossy and adds a certain level of protection to the printed material. (2)
- Liquid applied to a printed sheet, then bonded and cured with ultraviolet light. (4)

Vector Graphic
- Also referred to as object-oriented, as elements within an image can be grouped together and considered by the software as individual “objects”. The detail of the image remains the same whether small in size or scaled larger. (1)
- Vectors can most readily be recognized as illustrations, particularly from programs like Illustrator or Freehand. But not all illustrations are necessarily vector-based. Vectors work by defining points and what fills the space between those points in a document and they are stored as mathematical formulas. Vector files (like Illustrator files) are fractions the size of raster files because there is less data needed to create the images. (3)

Watermark
- Translucent logo in paper created during manufacture by slight embossing while paper is still approximately 90 percent water. (1)
- Translucent design impressed on paper created during manufacture, it is visible when held to light. (2)

Weight
- In typography, the lightness or darkness in print of a particular typeface, based upon its design and thickness of line. (1)
- The range of a stroke’s width. Also knows as demibold, light, and bold. Some typeface families have many weights like ultra-bold and extra-light. Associated to the heaviness of the stroke for a specific font, such as Light, Regular, Book, Demi, Heavy, Black, and Extra Bold. (2)

White Space
- The total amount of non-image areas on a page, particularly gutters and margins. White space also refers to the space on either side of typographic characters, which can be reduced with tracking.(1)

Widow
- In typography, the last line of a paragraph when it is less than one-third the width of the line, especially when it is the carry-over of a hyphenated word. Widow can also refer to one word or word part standing alone in a line of a heading or a caption. (1)

x-Height
- In typography, the height of the lowercase letter “x” representing the most important area of a letterform for 90% of lowercase characters. (1)
- This is the height of the lowercase letters that do not have ascenders or decenders, such as a, c, e and mm (2)



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